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A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T V W Acid Settling Tanks Alkylation is a combining process that creates alkylate, a premium, high-octane blending stock. A large acid settler tank within the unit allows for s... Alkylation Tanks Storage and wash vessels in the alkylation unit include those for fresh and depleted acid and water, an acid analyzer settling pot, and a number of wa... Ammonia Storage Vaporized ammonia is used in catalytic and noncatalytic reduction systems for emissions control. Ammonia is injected into the flue gas stream and acts... Argon Gas Flow Composing slightly less than 1% of the air, Argon (Ar) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, noncorrosive, nonflammable, and nontoxic gas. It is the m... Back to Top Black, Green & White Liquor Black Liquor is the digester waste mixture of spent chemicals and lignin extracted from wood chips. When burned in a recovery boiler Black Liquor prod... Blending Operations Mixing finished gasoline requires level monitoring of blending stocks, in-line blending, additive storage, dilution systems and injection systems. Ble... Blower Air Flow Air flow measurement is required in aerobic digesters and aeration basins. In digesters, oxygenation allows microbes to decompose complex organic comp... Boiler Blowdown Tanks The concentration of undesirable solids in boiler water can be reduced through the use of a continuous purge or blowdown system. A blowdown tank recei... Back to Top Carbon Dioxide Gas Flow Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an odorless, colorless, non-combustible and slightly toxic gas with a pungent acidic taste. It constitutes a fracti... Carbon Slurry Level Carbon is employed in adsorption processes for the removal of organic, inorganic, and taste and odor control compounds. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC... Catalysis Vessels The catalytic method of converting compounds into other compounds uses a chemical catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction. The catalyst is chemica... Catalytic Crackers The Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) cracks heavy, low-value feedstocks into high-value, lighter molecular weight hydrocarbons which are blended t... Catalytic Reformers Catalytic reforming upgrades low-octane naphthas into high-octane gasoline blending components called reformates. Using heat and pressure with platinu... Catalytic Strippers Variations in cat cracking include Selective Component Cracking (SCC) for polypropylene production, a two-vessel and external-reactor design for proce... Centrifugal Pump Protection A centrifugal pump operating in a no-flow condition will quickly sustain damage. Whether caused by a closed valve or plugged line downstream, or by ca... Chemical & Additive Storage Chemical stocks stored in mills include acids and alkalies, delignification chemicals, bleaching agents and water treatment chemicals. Chemical additi... Chemical Feed Tanks In both wastewater and water treatment facilities, a wide array of chemicals are added from feed tanks for purposes that include water softening, pH a... Chemical Injection From Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) to Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIs), any one of a thousand additives and agents can be injected i... Chemical Injection Skids Chemical agents employed in field processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for reservoir stimulation, glycol injection for hydr... Chemical Reactors Chemical, polymerization and pharmaceutical processes utilize reactor vessels to contain chemical reactions. Chemical reaction speed and product quali... Chemical Storage & Feed From acids to water treatment additives, a wide array of chemicals are stored at a refinery in vessels that range in size from plastic totes to large ... Chlor-Alkali Process Chlor-alkali (CA) refers to chlorine and caustic soda (NaOH) manufacturing. These are among the top ten chemicals produced worldwide and are main ingr... Chlorine Dioxide (CLO₂) Generators Due to health, safety and environmental concerns about dioxins and furans, the once prevalent use of elemental chlorine as a pulp bleach agent has giv... Clarifier Level In small wastewater treatment facilities with only one clarifier, it is advantageous to know the clarifier’s surface level. In larger plants where inf... Coal Yard Storage Raw coal is delivered to a coal yard in aggregate pieces of approximately 6" that are later reduced in size by a crusher to approximately 1.5". Enclos... Coking Operations Coking is the final means of converting the heaviest products of atmospheric and vacuum distillation. Feed is heated and cracked into light gases, gas... Column Reboilers A heat exchanger positioned near the bottom of the distillation column re-heats and vaporizes liquid and reintroduces the vapor several trays higher. ... Compressed Air Flow Air that is compressed and contained at a pressure greater than atmosphere has become industry’s universal power source. Seventy percent of all manufa... Condensate Drip Legs Placed along super heated steam lines, condensate drip legs (or drip traps) collect particles of moisture and drain off the accumulated condensate. Em... Condensate Receiver Tanks Steam generated in the recovery boiler is used to run many parts of a mill. Liquor concentration and paper drying are the largest steam users, followe... Condensate Storage When the condenser hotwell level reaches the high point, a dump valve opens to drain excess condensate from the hotwell to a condensate storage tank. ... Condenser Reboilers, or vaporizers, are heat exchangers that provide heat to the bottom of a distillation tower. They boil the bottom liquid to generate vapors ... Condenser Hotwells Steam enters the condenser where it cools and condenses into water before being sent to the low-pressure feed-water heater. The condenser hotwell serv... Containment & Drainage Sumps A plant has many low-lying drainage reservoirs known as sumps. Small sumps include pump enclosures and tank rupture basins that contain leakage. The r... Cooling Tower Basins Open-system cooling towers reject waste heat from the steam cycle by exposing the cooling water directly to the atmosphere. The majority of heat remov... Cooling Tower Intake & Basin Levels The hyperbolic cooling tower releasing clouds of water vapor is the iconic image of nuclear power. Warm water from the condenser is pumped to the natu... Crude Dehydration Not all water is removed from crude oil during the first stage of gravity separation. Separated crude may contain up to 15% water which exists in an e... Crude Desalting Salt in the crude stream presents serious corrosion and scaling problems and must be removed. Salt is dissolved within the remnant brine of the crude ... Crude Desalting in Gas Refineries Inorganic chlorides, suspended solids, and trace metals found in untreated crude must be removed by chemical or electrostatic desalting. This reduces ... Crude Dewatering All unrefined crude oil stored in tanks has a percentage of water entrained within it, and while stored in tanks, separation naturally occurs with wat... Crude Stabilization By removing dissolved gases and hydrogen sulfide, crude stabilization and sweetening processes diminish safety and corrosion problems. Gases are remov... Crude Storage Upon arrival at the refinery terminal, crude oil is pumped into above-ground storage tanks with capacities of thousands to millions of gallons. Raw cr... Back to Top Deaerators The deaerator is an open-faced water heater which removes non-condensable gases from the feedwater. In addition to the condenser hotwell, the deaerato... Deionization Tanks Highly purified water is essential in processing premium grade and highly purified products in the chemical, pharmaceutical, beverage, cosmetics and e... Demineralization Tanks Because modern high-pressure boilers evaporate several million pounds of water every working hour, the purity of feedwater circulating inside the boil... Diesel Fuel Storage Tanks Diesel-powered engine-generator sets provide emergency power to operate critical nuclear plant systems in the event of a loss of station service power... Digester Blow Tanks In batch digestion, the pulp and black liquor are mechanically conveyed or "blown" into an atmospheric blow tank upon completion of the cooking cycle.... Digester Gas Flow In the anaerobic decomposition process, organic matter is converted into stable solids and energy-rich gas, mainly methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (4... Digester Level The principal biological methods employed in wastewater treatment for sludge stabilization are aerobic and anaerobic digestion. The former utilizes ae... Distillation Columns Following desalination, crude oil enters the distillation column where fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons into separate streams, cuts or f... Distillation Towers Selecting a separation technology from among 20 leading varieties depends upon a chemical’s nature, the number of phases, and the capacity, speed and... Drilling Fluid Tanks A cement slurry prepared on location (or trucked in) cements the well casing. Drilling fluids lubricate the drill bit, remove cuttings, prevent open w... Back to Top Emergency Coolant Tanks The Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) supplies cooling water to the reactor during an interruption of the reactor’s normal cooling system. Upwards ... Exhaust & Waste Gas Exhaust gases in a wide variety of compositions range from the ecologically benign to toxic emissions. Off-gases are vapors emitted from extraction a... Back to Top Feedwater Heaters Feedwater heaters use extraction steam from the turbine to raise the temperature of water destined for the boiler. Water first passes through low-pres... Feedwater Heaters & Storage Low and High Pressure Feedwater Heaters use extraction steam from the turbine to pre-heat feedwater destined for steam generation. The primary water s... Fermentation Vessels Industrial fermentation is the process of breaking down organic substances and re-assembling them in order to produce other chemical compounds. Altern... Field Storage Tanks Crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGLs) and water are stored in oil and gas fields. Unlike midstream tank farms at terminals and refineries, field stora... Filter Tank Level Following the clarification phase of water treatment, pre-filtered water passes from an inlet channel and onto a filtration bed. As it passes through ... Finished Product Storage Finished refinery products stored in tanks with capacities that often exceed 100,000 gallons are motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, and... Flare Stacks & Headers Hydrocarbon gases are often flared in a high-temperature oxidation process which burns combustible components of waste. Environmental laws and restric... Flash Tanks A flash tank serves as a collection system for a variety of condensate drain lines. Flash tanks receive high pressure condensate which is then exposed... Fuel Oil Storage Fuel-fed ignitors initiate the boiler flame in coal-fed plants using natural gas or atomized fuel oils such as light grade #2 or heavy grade #6. Natur... Back to Top Gas Dehydration Natural gas dehydration removes hydrates which can grow as crystals and plug lines and retard the flow of gaseous hydrocarbon streams. Dehydration als... Back to Top Hydrocracking Heavier feedstock difficult to process by cat cracking or reforming can be converted by hydrocracking. By combining catalytic cracking and hydrogenati... Hydrodesulfurization Catalytic Hydrotreating treats hydrocarbon liquids in the presence of hydrogen. This process removes 90% of the sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals f... Hydrogen Gas Flow Hydrogen (H2), the lightest of gases, is colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic (at atmosphere). It has the highest combustion energy ... Back to Top Influent/Effluent Flow Flow measurement is accomplished by a transmitter programmed to convert a level reading into units of volume per time, as liquid passes through a flum... Isomerization Isomerization in a variety of process configurations alters the arrangement of atoms to convert normal butane into isobutane, and normal pentane and h... Back to Top LFG, Digester & Bio-Gas These gases are typically composed of 65% methane (CH₄) and 35% carbon dioxide (CO₂). Landfill gas (LFG) is generated from the d... Lift Station Pump Control Pre-treated wastewater is brought up from inlet trunk sewers to ground level by centrifugal pumps, where it continues on by gravity flow to subsequent... Lime Slurry Level In terms of annual tonnage, lime ranks first among water treatment chemicals. Lime is used for pH adjustment, phosphate removal, sludge and biosolids ... Liquefied Gas Storage Gases are frequently converted to a liquid to facilitate convenient storage. Many liquefy by cooling at normal atmospheric pressure while others requ... Liquid & Gas Flow The flow of process liquids and natural gas in field operations must be monitored for safety and efficiency. Fluids include hydraulic fluid for valve ... Liquid Extraction Liquid-liquid extraction (LLX), or solvent extraction or partitioning, is a selective separation procedure for isolating and concentrating a valuable ... Liquid Waste Storage Waste liquids from sumps, radioactive leakage collectors, the Reactor Cooling System (RCS), and allied systems are collected, stored and processed. In... Liquids Storage Liquids stored at chemical plants include water (potable, demineralized, fire, cooling), ingredients and finished product storage. Hazardous chemical... Lubrication & Hydraulic Oil Pulp and paper mills operate many machines that require lubrication. Lubricants prevent damage caused by excessive friction and prolong component and ... Lubrication Oil Storage Nuclear plants operate many machines that require lubrication. Lubricants prevent damage caused by excessive friction and prolong equipment life. Oil ... Lubrication Oil Tanks Generators and gas turbines will have integral lubricating systems to prevent damage caused by excessive friction. Often a portion of the lubricating ... Back to Top Mass Air & Compressed Air Flow The flow of air is monitored in nearly all industrial settings, including applications for processing, air/gas mixing, cooling, blowing & drying, com... Mass Flow of Air The flow of air (78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and traces of eight other gases) is monitored in nearly all industrial settings, including applications for ... MC Pump Standpipes Designed to move thick fluids, MC (Medium Consistency) pumps are ideal for transporting pulp in a mill. Pulp is often pumped from a standpipe, a verti... Mill Water Storage Because pulp is processed and paper is made in an aqueous vehicle that is up to 99.5% water, water management is essential for productive mill operati... Mixing & Blending Systems Mixing and blending of liquid ingredients is essential throughout the broader chemical industry. In-line and skid mounted systems include batch and co... Mixing & Machine Chests The mixing chest is a large, agitated tank used for mixing various types of pulp, fillers, and additives together in a specified formula for the paper... Back to Top Natural Gas Flow Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, primarily (70-90%) methane (CH₄). In its pure form it is colorless, odorless and combustible... Natural Gas Separators Natural gas separators remove solid particles and liquids from a continuous gas stream supply. Dust, dirt, sand and pipe scale as well as water, natur... Neutralization To protect neighboring water systems, industrial wastewater must be neutralized so that it is neither acidic nor alkaline prior to its discharge. The ... NGL Recovery Separating the hydrocarbons and fluids from pure natural gas produces pipeline quality dry natural gas. The two principle techniques for removing Natu... Nitrogen Gas Flow Nitrogen gas (N₂) is the most widely used commercial gas. Colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable, its inertness makes it an ideal... Back to Top Open Atmosphere Sumps Power generating facilities have large, open atmosphere collection basins known as sumps that are usually found in wastewater treatment areas. Often c... Oxygen Gas Flow Oxygen (O₂) is the second-largest volume industrial gas. Because it forms compounds with virtually all chemical elements it is most often b... Back to Top Preflash Drums Located in the preheat train of the distillation column, a preflash drum system separates the vapors generated by preheating before entering the heate... Process & Waste Gas Flow Common process gases used in chemical, pharmaceutical, plastics, semi-conductor, food, beverage, and petrochemical processing include compressed air, ... Pulp Bleaching Towers Pulp leaving the digester wash unit retains a dark brown color due to residual lignin content that must often be bleached out. Bleach plants whiten pu... Pulp Chip Bins & Silos The majority of mills make pulp stock from wood chips. Mill chippers produce uniformly sized wood pieces that pass through vibrating screens to furthe... Pulp Digesters The kraft process is the most prevalent pulping method. Here, heat and chemicals (sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide, or White Liquor) combine in a ... Pulp Storage Pulp stock is stored in varying densities in horizontal or vertical "chests" that are quipped with an agitator that keeps the stock in suspension. A t... Pulp Washing Systems Pulp is washed at two junctures in the chemical pulping process. Brown Stock (pulp with residual lignin) is washed following the digester; and Bleache... Pump Protection Pumps are used throughout chemical operations for moving process fluids. Whether caused by a closed valve, a plugged line downstream or by pump cavita... Pumps & Compressors Pumps are used throughout field operations for moving drilling fluids, crude oil and produced water. Compressors increase the pressure of natural gas ... Back to Top Reboiler Reboilers, or vaporizers, are heat exchangers that provide heat to the bottom of a distillation tower. They boil the bottom liquid to generate vapors ... Refinery Flow Applications The vast piping systems within today’s refineries transport hydrocarbon gas/vapor streams, light liquid gas/liquid streams, heavier liquid streams, wa... Reflux Accumulators A heat exchanger removes vapor from the upper parts of the fractionator, cools it to a liquid, and pumps it into an accumulator (reflux drum). Reflux ... Reflux Drum Large-scale distillation towers use a reflux system to achieve a more complete product separation. Reflux is that portion of a tower’s condensed overh... Back to Top Scram Discharge Volume Tanks A SCRAM is a rapid shutdown of a nuclear reactor whereby control rods are inserted between the fuel rods in the reactor core to discontinue the fissio... Scrubber Vessels Scrubbers remove odors, pollutants, acid gases and chemical wastes from air and liquid streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted stream flows counter c... Sludge Level There are several areas within a wastewater treatment facility where solids settle and are subsequently removed as sludge. These include hoppers, hold... Solvent Extraction The heavy fraction remaining following the distillation of crudes is called petroleum resids. A variety of solvent-extraction processes yield deasphal... Sour Gas Treatment Pipeline specifications require removal of the harmful acid gases carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). ₂S... Source Water & Bar Screens As the largest industrial user of process water, pulp and paper mills are often located next to natural water sources. Bar screens are placed in intak... Spent Fuel Pools One-third of the total fuel load of a reactor is removed from the core every 12 to 18 months and replaced with fresh fuel. Spent fuel rods generate in... Splitter Box Level Wastewater treatment facilities with a large number of primary clarifiers often employ a concrete tank with chambers and gates known as a splitter box... Steam Drums Chemical manufacturers are major users of steam for cleaning, drying, fermentation, steam stripping, and chemical recovery. Steaming-in-place (SIP) is... Steam Drums The steam drum is the primary interface between water and steam. In a coalfired plant, boiler feedwater passes through the economizer and into the dru... Surge Drums Surge drums are frequently located between process units to help reduce the effect of flow rate variations between interconnected process units. A low... Back to Top Tank Blanketing Nitrogen - the most widely used commercial gas - is the ideal tank blanketing gas when injected into the vapor space of a storage tank. It prevents ig... Tank Blanketing in Oil & Gas Field Processing Nitrogen is commonly used as a tank blanketing gas in order to prevent ignition of flammable liquids, provide an oxygen and moisture barrier, inhibit ... Turbine Steam Generators Primary coolant circulating in a PWR is heated under extremely high pressures to prevent boiling. The heated coolant enters two or more boilers called... Turpentine Recovery Vapors from the digester contain turpentine and 85% of it is released during the relief cycle. Recovery of this volatile organic compound (VOC) is und... Back to Top Vapor Recovery Unit If allowed to escape into the atmosphere, hydrocarbon vapors diminish income through loss of hydrocarbon volume and create fire hazards and pollution ... Vapor/Liquid Separation Where the separation of vapors and liquids is required, a separator drum, or knockout pot, flash drum, or compressor suction drum, is integrated into ... Back to Top Waste Sumps Industrial chemical plants generate large volumes of liquid wastes and runoffs that are collected in large open-atmosphere sumps—concrete lift station... Water Processing Produced water, wash-down water or rainwater (collected offshore) require treatment whether they’re re-used for reservoir flooding or simply disposed ... Water Services Service water is utilized for general plant services that include pump and instrument seal water, fire water, demineralization, cooling and make-up wa... Water Storage Tanks Storage for reclaimed water ranges from small tanks for potable and service water use, to large, open or enclosed, reservoirs. Large capacity storage ... Water Wash Tanks The compressor of a gas turbine ingests a large amount of air containing particulate matter, aerosols of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds and ... Well Stream Separation The first step in processing the well stream is to separate the crude oil, natural gas and water phases into separate streams. Oil and gas fields util...

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